/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * 
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 * 
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/* $Id: TIFFImage.java 582858 2007-10-08 16:09:50Z jeremias $ */

package org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.codec.tiff;

import java.awt.Rectangle;
import java.awt.Transparency;
import java.awt.color.ColorSpace;
import java.awt.image.ColorModel;
import java.awt.image.ComponentColorModel;
import java.awt.image.DataBuffer;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferByte;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferShort;
import java.awt.image.DataBufferUShort;
import java.awt.image.IndexColorModel;
import java.awt.image.MultiPixelPackedSampleModel;
import java.awt.image.PixelInterleavedSampleModel;
import java.awt.image.Raster;
import java.awt.image.SampleModel;
import java.awt.image.WritableRaster;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.zip.DataFormatException;
import java.util.zip.Inflater;

import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.codec.util.SeekableStream;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.rendered.AbstractRed;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.rendered.CachableRed;

import com.sun.image.codec.jpeg.JPEGCodec;
import com.sun.image.codec.jpeg.JPEGDecodeParam;
import com.sun.image.codec.jpeg.JPEGImageDecoder;

public class TIFFImage extends AbstractRed {

    // Compression types
    public static final int COMP_NONE      = 1;
    public static final int COMP_FAX_G3_1D = 2;
    public static final int COMP_FAX_G3_2D = 3;
    public static final int COMP_FAX_G4_2D = 4;
    public static final int COMP_LZW       = 5;
    public static final int COMP_JPEG_OLD  = 6;
    public static final int COMP_JPEG_TTN2 = 7;
    public static final int COMP_PACKBITS  = 32773;
    public static final int COMP_DEFLATE   = 32946;

    // Image types
    private static final int TYPE_UNSUPPORTED = -1;
    private static final int TYPE_BILEVEL      = 0;
    private static final int TYPE_GRAY_4BIT    = 1;
    private static final int TYPE_GRAY         = 2;
    private static final int TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA   = 3;
    private static final int TYPE_PALETTE      = 4;
    private static final int TYPE_RGB          = 5;
    private static final int TYPE_RGB_ALPHA    = 6;
    private static final int TYPE_YCBCR_SUB    = 7;
    private static final int TYPE_GENERIC      = 8;

    // Incidental tags
    private static final int TIFF_JPEG_TABLES       = 347;
    private static final int TIFF_YCBCR_SUBSAMPLING = 530;

    SeekableStream stream;
    int tileSize;
    int tilesX, tilesY;
    long[] tileOffsets;
    long[] tileByteCounts;
    char[] colormap;
    int sampleSize;
    int compression;
    byte[] palette;
    int numBands;

    int chromaSubH;
    int chromaSubV;

    // Fax compression related variables
    long tiffT4Options;
    long tiffT6Options;
    int fillOrder;

    // LZW compression related variable
    int predictor;

    // TTN2 JPEG related variables
    JPEGDecodeParam decodeParam = null;
    boolean colorConvertJPEG = false;

    // DEFLATE variables
    Inflater inflater = null;

    // Endian-ness indicator
    boolean isBigEndian;

    int imageType;
    boolean isWhiteZero = false;
    int dataType;

    boolean decodePaletteAsShorts;
    boolean tiled;

    // Decoders
    private TIFFFaxDecoder decoder = null;
    private TIFFLZWDecoder lzwDecoder = null;

    /**
     * Decode a buffer of data into a Raster with the specified location.
     *
     * @param data buffer contain an interchange or abbreviated datastream.
     * @param decodeParam decoding parameters; may be null unless the
     *        data buffer contains an abbreviated datastream in which case
     *        it may not be null or an error will occur.
     * @param colorConvert whether to perform color conversion; in this
     *        case that would be limited to YCbCr-to-RGB.
     * @param minX the X position of the returned Raster.
     * @param minY the Y position of the returned Raster.
     */
    private static final Raster decodeJPEG(byte[] data,
                                           JPEGDecodeParam decodeParam,
                                           boolean colorConvert,
                                           int minX,
                                           int minY) {
        // Create an InputStream from the compressed data array.
        ByteArrayInputStream jpegStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);

        // Create a decoder.
        JPEGImageDecoder decoder = decodeParam == null ?
            JPEGCodec.createJPEGDecoder(jpegStream) :
            JPEGCodec.createJPEGDecoder(jpegStream,
                                        decodeParam);

        // Decode the compressed data into a Raster.
        Raster jpegRaster;
        try {
            jpegRaster = colorConvert ?
                decoder.decodeAsBufferedImage().getWritableTile(0, 0) :
                decoder.decodeAsRaster();
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
        }

        // Translate the decoded Raster to the specified location and return.
        return jpegRaster.createTranslatedChild(minX, minY);
    }

    /**
     * Inflates <code>deflated</code> into <code>inflated</code> using the
     * <code>Inflater</code> constructed during class instantiation.
     */
    private final void inflate(byte[] deflated, byte[] inflated) {
        inflater.setInput(deflated);
        try {
            inflater.inflate(inflated);
        } catch(DataFormatException dfe) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage17"+": "+
                                       dfe.getMessage());
        }
        inflater.reset();
    }

    private static SampleModel createPixelInterleavedSampleModel
        (int dataType, int tileWidth, int tileHeight, int bands) {
        int [] bandOffsets = new int[bands];
        for (int i=0; i<bands; i++)
            bandOffsets[i] = i;
        return new PixelInterleavedSampleModel
            (dataType, tileWidth, tileHeight, bands,
             tileWidth*bands, bandOffsets);
    }

    /**
     * Return as a long[] the value of a TIFF_LONG or TIFF_SHORT field.
     */
    private final long[] getFieldAsLongs(TIFFField field) {
        long[] value = null;

        if(field.getType() == TIFFField.TIFF_SHORT) {
            char[] charValue = field.getAsChars();
            value = new long[charValue.length];
            for(int i = 0; i < charValue.length; i++) {
                value[i] = charValue[i]  & 0xffff;
            }
        } else if(field.getType() == TIFFField.TIFF_LONG) {
            value = field.getAsLongs();
        } else {
            throw new RuntimeException();
        }

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a TIFFImage that acquires its data from a given
     * SeekableStream and reads from a particular IFD of the stream.
     * The index of the first IFD is 0.
     *
     * @param stream the SeekableStream to read from.
     * @param param an instance of TIFFDecodeParam, or null.
     * @param directory the index of the IFD to read from.
     */
    public TIFFImage(SeekableStream stream,
                     TIFFDecodeParam param,
                     int directory)
        throws IOException {

        this.stream = stream;
        if (param == null) {
            param = new TIFFDecodeParam();
        }

        decodePaletteAsShorts = param.getDecodePaletteAsShorts();

        // Read the specified directory.
        TIFFDirectory dir = param.getIFDOffset() == null ?
            new TIFFDirectory(stream, directory) :
            new TIFFDirectory(stream, param.getIFDOffset().longValue(),
                              directory);

        // Get the number of samples per pixel
        TIFFField sfield = dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL);
        int samplesPerPixel = sfield == null ? 1 : (int)sfield.getAsLong(0);

        // Read the TIFF_PLANAR_CONFIGURATION field
        TIFFField planarConfigurationField =
            dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_PLANAR_CONFIGURATION);
        char[] planarConfiguration = planarConfigurationField == null ?
            new char[] {1} :
            planarConfigurationField.getAsChars();

            // Support planar format (band sequential) only for 1 sample/pixel.
            if (planarConfiguration[0] != 1 && samplesPerPixel != 1) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage0");
            }

            // Read the TIFF_BITS_PER_SAMPLE field
            TIFFField bitsField =
                dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_BITS_PER_SAMPLE);
            char[] bitsPerSample = null;
            if(bitsField != null) {
                bitsPerSample = bitsField.getAsChars();
            } else {
                bitsPerSample = new char[] {1};

                // Ensure that all samples have the same bit depth.
                for (int i = 1; i < bitsPerSample.length; i++) {
                    if (bitsPerSample[i] != bitsPerSample[0]) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage1");
                    }
                }
            }
            sampleSize = bitsPerSample[0];

            // Read the TIFF_SAMPLE_FORMAT tag to see whether the data might be
            // signed or floating point
            TIFFField sampleFormatField =
                dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_SAMPLE_FORMAT);

            char[] sampleFormat = null;
            if (sampleFormatField != null) {
                sampleFormat = sampleFormatField.getAsChars();

                // Check that all the samples have the same format
                for (int l=1; l<sampleFormat.length; l++) {
                    if (sampleFormat[l] != sampleFormat[0]) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage2");
                    }
                }

            } else {
                sampleFormat = new char[] {1};
            }

            // Set the data type based on the sample size and format.
            boolean isValidDataFormat = false;
            switch(sampleSize) {
            case 1:
            case 4:
            case 8:
                if(sampleFormat[0] != 3) {
                    // Ignore whether signed or unsigned: treat all as unsigned.
                    dataType = DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE;
                    isValidDataFormat = true;
                }
                break;
            case 16:
                if(sampleFormat[0] != 3) {
                    dataType = sampleFormat[0] == 2 ?
                        DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT : DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT;
                    isValidDataFormat = true;
                }
                break;
            case 32:
              if (sampleFormat[0] == 3)
                isValidDataFormat = false;
              else {
                dataType = DataBuffer.TYPE_INT;
                isValidDataFormat = true;
              }
              break;
            }

            if(!isValidDataFormat) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage3");
            }

            // Figure out what compression if any, is being used.
            TIFFField compField = dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_COMPRESSION);
            compression = compField == null ? COMP_NONE : compField.getAsInt(0);

            // Get the photometric interpretation.
            int photometricType;
            TIFFField photometricTypeField = dir.getField(
                    TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION);
            if (photometricTypeField == null) {
                photometricType = 0; // White is zero
            } else {
                photometricType = photometricTypeField.getAsInt(0);
            }
            
            // Determine which kind of image we are dealing with.
            imageType = TYPE_UNSUPPORTED;
            switch(photometricType) {
            case 0: // WhiteIsZero
                isWhiteZero = true;
            case 1: // BlackIsZero
                if(sampleSize == 1 && samplesPerPixel == 1) {
                    imageType = TYPE_BILEVEL;
                } else if(sampleSize == 4 && samplesPerPixel == 1) {
                    imageType = TYPE_GRAY_4BIT;
                } else if(sampleSize % 8 == 0) {
                    if(samplesPerPixel == 1) {
                        imageType = TYPE_GRAY;
                    } else if(samplesPerPixel == 2) {
                        imageType = TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA;
                    } else {
                        imageType = TYPE_GENERIC;
                    }
                }
                break;
            case 2: // RGB
                if(sampleSize % 8 == 0) {
                    if(samplesPerPixel == 3) {
                        imageType = TYPE_RGB;
                    } else if(samplesPerPixel == 4) {
                        imageType = TYPE_RGB_ALPHA;
                    } else {
                        imageType = TYPE_GENERIC;
                    }
                }
                break;
            case 3: // RGB Palette
                if(samplesPerPixel == 1 &&
                   (sampleSize == 4 || sampleSize == 8 || sampleSize == 16)) {
                    imageType = TYPE_PALETTE;
                }
                break;
            case 4: // Transparency mask
                if(sampleSize == 1 && samplesPerPixel == 1) {
                    imageType = TYPE_BILEVEL;
                }
                break;
            case 6: // YCbCr
                if(compression == COMP_JPEG_TTN2 &&
                   sampleSize == 8 && samplesPerPixel == 3) {
                    // Set color conversion flag.
                    colorConvertJPEG = param.getJPEGDecompressYCbCrToRGB();

                    // Set type to RGB if color converting.
                    imageType = colorConvertJPEG ? TYPE_RGB : TYPE_GENERIC;
                } else {
                    TIFFField chromaField = dir.getField(TIFF_YCBCR_SUBSAMPLING);
                    if(chromaField != null) {
                        chromaSubH = chromaField.getAsInt(0);
                        chromaSubV = chromaField.getAsInt(1);
                    } else {
                        chromaSubH = chromaSubV = 2;
                    }

                    if(chromaSubH*chromaSubV == 1) {
                        imageType = TYPE_GENERIC;
                    } else if(sampleSize == 8 && samplesPerPixel == 3) {
                        imageType = TYPE_YCBCR_SUB;
                    }
                }
                break;
            default: // Other including CMYK, CIE L*a*b*, unknown.
                if(sampleSize % 8 == 0) {
                    imageType = TYPE_GENERIC;
                }
            }

            // Bail out if not one of the supported types.
            if(imageType == TYPE_UNSUPPORTED) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage4");
            }

            // Set basic image layout
            Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle
                (0, 0,
                 (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_IMAGE_WIDTH),
                 (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_IMAGE_LENGTH));

            // Set a preliminary band count. This may be changed later as needed.
            numBands = samplesPerPixel;

            // Figure out if any extra samples are present.
            TIFFField efield = dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
            int extraSamples = efield == null ? 0 : (int)efield.getAsLong(0);

            int tileWidth, tileHeight;
            if (dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_OFFSETS) != null) {
                tiled = true;
                // Image is in tiled format
                tileWidth =
                    (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_WIDTH);
                tileHeight =
                    (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_LENGTH);
                tileOffsets =
                    (dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_OFFSETS)).getAsLongs();
                tileByteCounts =
                    getFieldAsLongs(dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_BYTE_COUNTS));

            } else {
                tiled = false;

                // Image is in stripped format, looks like tiles to us
                // Note: Some legacy files may have tile width and height
                // written but use the strip offsets and byte counts fields
                // instead of the tile offsets and byte counts. Therefore
                // we default here to the tile dimensions if they are written.
                tileWidth =
                    dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_WIDTH) != null ?
                    (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_WIDTH) :
                    bounds.width;
                TIFFField field =
                    dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_ROWS_PER_STRIP);
                if (field == null) {
                    // Default is infinity (2^32 -1), basically the entire image

                    tileHeight =
                        dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_LENGTH) != null ?
                        (int)dir.getFieldAsLong(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_TILE_LENGTH):
                        bounds.height;
                } else {
                    long l = field.getAsLong(0);
                    long infinity = 1;
                    infinity = (infinity << 32) - 1;
                    if (l == infinity) {
                        // 2^32 - 1 (effectively infinity, entire image is 1 strip)
                        tileHeight = bounds.height;
                    } else {
                        tileHeight = (int)l;
                    }
                }

                TIFFField tileOffsetsField =
                    dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_STRIP_OFFSETS);
                if (tileOffsetsField == null) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage5");
                } else {
                    tileOffsets = getFieldAsLongs(tileOffsetsField);
                }

                TIFFField tileByteCountsField =
                    dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS);
                if (tileByteCountsField == null) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage6");
                } else {
                    tileByteCounts = getFieldAsLongs(tileByteCountsField);
                }
            }

            // Calculate number of tiles and the tileSize in bytes
            tilesX = (bounds.width + tileWidth - 1)/tileWidth;
            tilesY = (bounds.height + tileHeight - 1)/tileHeight;
            tileSize = tileWidth * tileHeight * numBands;

            // Check whether big endian or little endian format is used.
            isBigEndian = dir.isBigEndian();

            TIFFField fillOrderField =
                dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_FILL_ORDER);
            if (fillOrderField != null) {
                fillOrder = fillOrderField.getAsInt(0);
            } else {
                // Default Fill Order
                fillOrder = 1;
            }

            switch(compression) {
            case COMP_NONE:
            case COMP_PACKBITS:
                // Do nothing.
                break;
            case COMP_DEFLATE:
                inflater = new Inflater();
                break;
            case COMP_FAX_G3_1D:
            case COMP_FAX_G3_2D:
            case COMP_FAX_G4_2D:
                if(sampleSize != 1) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage7");
                }

                // Fax T.4 compression options
                if (compression == 3) {
                    TIFFField t4OptionsField =
                        dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_T4_OPTIONS);
                    if (t4OptionsField != null) {
                        tiffT4Options = t4OptionsField.getAsLong(0);
                    } else {
                        // Use default value
                        tiffT4Options = 0;
                    }
                }

                // Fax T.6 compression options
                if (compression == 4) {
                    TIFFField t6OptionsField =
                        dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_T6_OPTIONS);
                    if (t6OptionsField != null) {
                        tiffT6Options = t6OptionsField.getAsLong(0);
                    } else {
                        // Use default value
                        tiffT6Options = 0;
                    }
                }

                // Fax encoding, need to create the Fax decoder.
                decoder = new TIFFFaxDecoder(fillOrder,
                                             tileWidth, tileHeight);
                break;

            case COMP_LZW:
                // LZW compression used, need to create the LZW decoder.
                TIFFField predictorField =
                    dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_PREDICTOR);

                if (predictorField == null) {
                    predictor = 1;
                } else {
                    predictor = predictorField.getAsInt(0);

                    if (predictor != 1 && predictor != 2) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage8");
                    }

                    if (predictor == 2 && sampleSize != 8) {
                        throw new RuntimeException(sampleSize +
                                                   "TIFFImage9");
                    }
                }

                lzwDecoder = new TIFFLZWDecoder(tileWidth, predictor,
                                                samplesPerPixel);
                break;

            case COMP_JPEG_OLD:
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage15");

            case COMP_JPEG_TTN2:
                if(!(sampleSize == 8 &&
                     ((imageType == TYPE_GRAY && samplesPerPixel == 1) ||
                      (imageType == TYPE_PALETTE && samplesPerPixel == 1) ||
                      (imageType == TYPE_RGB && samplesPerPixel == 3)))) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage16");
                }

                // Create decodeParam from JPEGTables field if present.
                if(dir.isTagPresent(TIFF_JPEG_TABLES)) {
                    TIFFField jpegTableField = dir.getField(TIFF_JPEG_TABLES);
                    byte[] jpegTable = jpegTableField.getAsBytes();
                    ByteArrayInputStream tableStream =
                        new ByteArrayInputStream(jpegTable);
                    JPEGImageDecoder decoder =
                        JPEGCodec.createJPEGDecoder(tableStream);
                    decoder.decodeAsRaster();
                    decodeParam = decoder.getJPEGDecodeParam();
                }

                break;
            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage10");
            }

            ColorModel  colorModel  = null;
            SampleModel sampleModel = null;
            switch(imageType) {
            case TYPE_BILEVEL:
            case TYPE_GRAY_4BIT:
                sampleModel =
                    new MultiPixelPackedSampleModel(dataType,
                                                    tileWidth,
                                                    tileHeight,
                                                    sampleSize);
                if(imageType == TYPE_BILEVEL) {
                    byte[] map = new byte[] {(byte)(isWhiteZero ? 255 : 0),
                                             (byte)(isWhiteZero ? 0 : 255)};
                    colorModel = new IndexColorModel(1, 2, map, map, map);
                } else {
                    byte [] map = new byte[16];
                    if (isWhiteZero) {
                        for (int i=0; i<map.length; i++)
                            map[i] = (byte)(255-(16*i));
                    } else {
                        for (int i=0; i<map.length; i++)
                            map[i] = (byte)(16*i);
                    }
                    colorModel = new IndexColorModel(4, 16, map, map, map);
                }
                break;

            case TYPE_GRAY:
            case TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA:
            case TYPE_RGB:
            case TYPE_RGB_ALPHA:
                // Create a pixel interleaved SampleModel with decreasing
                // band offsets.
                int[] reverseOffsets = new int[numBands];
                for (int i=0; i<numBands; i++) {
                    reverseOffsets[i] = numBands - 1 - i;
                }
                sampleModel = new PixelInterleavedSampleModel
                    (dataType, tileWidth, tileHeight,
                     numBands, numBands*tileWidth, reverseOffsets);

                if(imageType == TYPE_GRAY) {
                  colorModel = new ComponentColorModel
                    (ColorSpace.getInstance(ColorSpace.CS_GRAY),
                     new int[] { sampleSize }, false, false,
                     Transparency.OPAQUE, dataType);
                } else if (imageType == TYPE_RGB) {
                  colorModel = new ComponentColorModel
                    (ColorSpace.getInstance(ColorSpace.CS_sRGB),
                     new int[] { sampleSize, sampleSize, sampleSize },
                     false, false, Transparency.OPAQUE, dataType);
                } else { // hasAlpha
                    // Transparency.OPAQUE signifies image data that is
                    // completely opaque, meaning that all pixels have an alpha
                    // value of 1.0. So the extra band gets ignored, which is
                    // what we want.
                    int transparency = Transparency.OPAQUE;
                    if(extraSamples == 1) { // associated (premultiplied) alpha
                        transparency = Transparency.TRANSLUCENT;
                    } else if(extraSamples == 2) { // unassociated alpha
                        transparency = Transparency.BITMASK;
                    }

                    colorModel =
                        createAlphaComponentColorModel(dataType,
                                                       numBands,
                                                       extraSamples == 1,
                                                       transparency);
                }
                break;

            case TYPE_GENERIC:
            case TYPE_YCBCR_SUB:
                // For this case we can't display the image, so we create a
                // SampleModel with increasing bandOffsets, and keep the
                // ColorModel as null, as there is no appropriate ColorModel.

                int[] bandOffsets = new int[numBands];
                for (int i=0; i<numBands; i++) {
                    bandOffsets[i] = i;
                }

                sampleModel = new PixelInterleavedSampleModel
                    (dataType, tileWidth, tileHeight,
                     numBands, numBands * tileWidth, bandOffsets);
                colorModel = null;
                break;

            case TYPE_PALETTE:
                // Get the colormap
                TIFFField cfield = dir.getField(TIFFImageDecoder.TIFF_COLORMAP);
                if (cfield == null) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage11");
                } else {
                    colormap = cfield.getAsChars();
                }

                // Could be either 1 or 3 bands depending on whether we use
                // IndexColorModel or not.
                if (decodePaletteAsShorts) {
                    numBands = 3;

                    // If no SampleFormat tag was specified and if the
                    // sampleSize is less than or equal to 8, then the
                    // dataType was initially set to byte, but now we want to
                    // expand the palette as shorts, so the dataType should
                    // be ushort.
                    if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE) {
                        dataType = DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT;
                    }

                    // Data will have to be unpacked into a 3 band short image
                    // as we do not have a IndexColorModel that can deal with
                    // a colormodel whose entries are of short data type.
                    sampleModel = createPixelInterleavedSampleModel
                        (dataType, tileWidth, tileHeight, numBands);

                  colorModel = new ComponentColorModel
                    (ColorSpace.getInstance(ColorSpace.CS_sRGB),
                     new int[] { 16, 16, 16 }, false, false,
                     Transparency.OPAQUE, dataType);

                } else {

                    numBands = 1;

                    if (sampleSize == 4) {
                        // Pixel data will not be unpacked, will use
                        // MPPSM to store packed data and
                        // IndexColorModel to do the unpacking.
                        sampleModel = new MultiPixelPackedSampleModel
                            (DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE, tileWidth, tileHeight,
                             sampleSize);
                    } else if (sampleSize == 8) {

                        sampleModel = createPixelInterleavedSampleModel
                            (DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE, tileWidth, tileHeight,
                             numBands);
                    } else if (sampleSize == 16) {

                        // Here datatype has to be unsigned since we
                        // are storing indices into the
                        // IndexColorModel palette. Ofcourse the
                        // actual palette entries are allowed to be
                        // negative.
                        dataType = DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT;
                        sampleModel = createPixelInterleavedSampleModel
                            (DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT, tileWidth, tileHeight,
                             numBands);
                    }

                    int bandLength = colormap.length/3;
                    byte[] r = new byte[bandLength];
                    byte[] g = new byte[bandLength];
                    byte[] b = new byte[bandLength];

                    int gIndex = bandLength;
                    int bIndex = bandLength * 2;

                    if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT) {

                        for (int i=0; i<bandLength; i++) {
                            r[i] = param.decodeSigned16BitsTo8Bits
                                ((short)colormap[i]);
                            g[i] = param.decodeSigned16BitsTo8Bits
                                ((short)colormap[gIndex+i]);
                            b[i] = param.decodeSigned16BitsTo8Bits
                                ((short)colormap[bIndex+i]);
                        }

                    } else {

                        for (int i=0; i<bandLength; i++) {
                            r[i] = param.decode16BitsTo8Bits
                                (colormap[i] & 0xffff);
                            g[i] = param.decode16BitsTo8Bits
                                (colormap[gIndex+i] & 0xffff);
                            b[i] = param.decode16BitsTo8Bits
                                (colormap[bIndex+i] & 0xffff);
                        }

                    }

                    colorModel = new IndexColorModel(sampleSize,
                                                     bandLength, r, g, b);
                }
                break;

            default:
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage4");
            }

        Map properties = new HashMap();
        // Set a property "tiff_directory".
        properties.put("tiff_directory", dir);

        // System.out.println("Constructed TIFF");

        init((CachableRed)null, bounds, colorModel, sampleModel,
             0, 0, properties);
    }

    /**
     * Reads a private IFD from a given offset in the stream.  This
     * method may be used to obtain IFDs that are referenced
     * only by private tag values.
     */
    public TIFFDirectory getPrivateIFD(long offset) throws IOException {
        return new TIFFDirectory(stream, offset, 0);
    }


    public WritableRaster copyData(WritableRaster wr) {
        copyToRaster(wr);
        return wr;
    }


    /**
     * Returns tile (tileX, tileY) as a Raster.
     */
    public synchronized Raster getTile(int tileX, int tileY) {
        if ((tileX < 0) || (tileX >= tilesX) ||
            (tileY < 0) || (tileY >= tilesY)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("TIFFImage12");
        }

        // System.out.println("Called TIFF getTile:" + tileX + "," + tileY);


        // Get the data array out of the DataBuffer
        byte[] bdata = null;
        short[] sdata = null;
        int[] idata = null;

        SampleModel sampleModel = getSampleModel();
        WritableRaster tile = makeTile(tileX,tileY);

        DataBuffer buffer = tile.getDataBuffer();

        int dataType = sampleModel.getDataType();
        if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE) {
            bdata = ((DataBufferByte)buffer).getData();
        } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT) {
            sdata = ((DataBufferUShort)buffer).getData();
        } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT) {
            sdata = ((DataBufferShort)buffer).getData();
        } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_INT) {
            idata = ((DataBufferInt)buffer).getData();
        }

        // Variables used for swapping when converting from RGB to BGR
        byte bswap;
        short sswap;
        int iswap;

        // Save original file pointer position and seek to tile data location.
        long save_offset = 0;
        try {
            save_offset = stream.getFilePointer();
            stream.seek(tileOffsets[tileY*tilesX + tileX]);
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
        }

        // Number of bytes in this tile (strip) after compression.
        int byteCount = (int)tileByteCounts[tileY*tilesX + tileX];

        // Find out the number of bytes in the current tile
        Rectangle newRect;
        if (!tiled)
            newRect = tile.getBounds();
        else
            newRect = new Rectangle(tile.getMinX(), tile.getMinY(),
                                    tileWidth, tileHeight);

        int unitsInThisTile = newRect.width * newRect.height * numBands;

        // Allocate read buffer if needed.
        byte[] data = compression != COMP_NONE || imageType == TYPE_PALETTE ?
            new byte[byteCount] : null;

        // Read the data, uncompressing as needed. There are four cases:
        // bilevel, palette-RGB, 4-bit grayscale, and everything else.
        if(imageType == TYPE_BILEVEL) { // bilevel
            try {
                if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                    // Since the decompressed data will still be packed
                    // 8 pixels into 1 byte, calculate bytesInThisTile
                    int bytesInThisTile;
                    if ((newRect.width % 8) == 0) {
                        bytesInThisTile = (newRect.width/8) * newRect.height;
                    } else {
                        bytesInThisTile =
                            (newRect.width/8 + 1) * newRect.height;
                    }
                    decodePackbits(data, bytesInThisTile, bdata);
                } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    lzwDecoder.decode(data, bdata, newRect.height);
                } else if (compression == COMP_FAX_G3_1D) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    decoder.decode1D(bdata, data, 0, newRect.height);
                } else if (compression == COMP_FAX_G3_2D) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    decoder.decode2D(bdata, data, 0, newRect.height,
                                     tiffT4Options);
                } else if (compression == COMP_FAX_G4_2D) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    decoder.decodeT6(bdata, data, 0, newRect.height,
                                     tiffT6Options);
                } else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {
                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    inflate(data, bdata);
                } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {
                    stream.readFully(bdata, 0, byteCount);
                }

                stream.seek(save_offset);
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
            }
        } else if(imageType == TYPE_PALETTE) { // palette-RGB
            if (sampleSize == 16) {

                if (decodePaletteAsShorts) {

                    short[] tempData= null;

                    // At this point the data is 1 banded and will
                    // become 3 banded only after we've done the palette
                    // lookup, since unitsInThisTile was calculated with
                    // 3 bands, we need to divide this by 3.
                    int unitsBeforeLookup = unitsInThisTile / 3;

                    // Since unitsBeforeLookup is the number of shorts,
                    // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                    // need to multiply it by 2 in order to figure out
                    // how many bytes we'll get after decompression.
                    int entries = unitsBeforeLookup * 2;

                    // Read the data, if compressed, decode it, reset the pointer
                    try {

                        if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[entries];
                            decodePackbits(data, entries, byteArray);
                            tempData = new short[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, tempData,
                                                   unitsBeforeLookup);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                            // Read in all the compressed data for this tile
                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[entries];
                            lzwDecoder.decode(data, byteArray, newRect.height);
                            tempData = new short[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, tempData,
                                                   unitsBeforeLookup);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[entries];
                            inflate(data, byteArray);
                            tempData = new short[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, tempData,
                                                   unitsBeforeLookup);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                            // byteCount tells us how many bytes are there
                            // in this tile, but we need to read in shorts,
                            // which will take half the space, so while
                            // allocating we divide byteCount by 2.
                            tempData = new short[byteCount/2];
                            readShorts(byteCount/2, tempData);
                        }

                        stream.seek(save_offset);

                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }

                    if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT) {

                        // Expand the palette image into an rgb image with ushort
                        // data type.
                        int cmapValue;
                        int count = 0, lookup, len = colormap.length/3;
                        int len2 = len * 2;
                        for (int i=0; i<unitsBeforeLookup; i++) {
                            // Get the index into the colormap
                            lookup = tempData[i] & 0xffff;
                            // Get the blue value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len2];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                            // Get the green value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                            // Get the red value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                        }

                    } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT) {

                        // Expand the palette image into an rgb image with
                        // short data type.
                        int cmapValue;
                        int count = 0, lookup, len = colormap.length/3;
                        int len2 = len * 2;
                        for (int i=0; i<unitsBeforeLookup; i++) {
                            // Get the index into the colormap
                            lookup = tempData[i] & 0xffff;
                            // Get the blue value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len2];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)cmapValue;
                            // Get the green value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)cmapValue;
                            // Get the red value
                            cmapValue = colormap[lookup];
                            sdata[count++] = (short)cmapValue;
                        }
                    }

                } else {

                    // No lookup being done here, when RGB values are needed,
                    // the associated IndexColorModel can be used to get them.

                    try {

                        if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                            // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of shorts,
                            // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                            // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 2 in order to
                            // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                            // decompression.
                            int bytesInThisTile = unitsInThisTile * 2;

                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[bytesInThisTile];
                            decodePackbits(data, bytesInThisTile, byteArray);
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                                   unitsInThisTile);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                            // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of shorts,
                            // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                            // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 2 in order to
                            // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                            // decompression.
                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 2];
                            lzwDecoder.decode(data, byteArray, newRect.height);
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                                   unitsInThisTile);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 2];
                            inflate(data, byteArray);
                            interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                                   unitsInThisTile);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                            readShorts(byteCount/2, sdata);
                        }

                        stream.seek(save_offset);

                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }
                }

            } else if (sampleSize == 8) {

                if (decodePaletteAsShorts) {

                    byte[] tempData= null;

                    // At this point the data is 1 banded and will
                    // become 3 banded only after we've done the palette
                    // lookup, since unitsInThisTile was calculated with
                    // 3 bands, we need to divide this by 3.
                    int unitsBeforeLookup = unitsInThisTile / 3;

                    // Read the data, if compressed, decode it, reset the pointer
                    try {

                        if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            tempData = new byte[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            decodePackbits(data, unitsBeforeLookup, tempData);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            tempData = new byte[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            lzwDecoder.decode(data, tempData, newRect.height);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_JPEG_TTN2) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            Raster tempTile = decodeJPEG(data,
                                                         decodeParam,
                                                         colorConvertJPEG,
                                                         tile.getMinX(),
                                                         tile.getMinY());
                            int[] tempPixels = new int[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            tempTile.getPixels(tile.getMinX(),
                                               tile.getMinY(),
                                               tile.getWidth(),
                                               tile.getHeight(),
                                               tempPixels);
                            tempData = new byte[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            for(int i = 0; i < unitsBeforeLookup; i++) {
                                tempData[i] = (byte)tempPixels[i];
                            }

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            tempData = new byte[unitsBeforeLookup];
                            inflate(data, tempData);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                            tempData = new byte[byteCount];
                            stream.readFully(tempData, 0, byteCount);
                        }

                        stream.seek(save_offset);

                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }

                    // Expand the palette image into an rgb image with ushort
                    // data type.
                    int cmapValue;
                    int count = 0, lookup, len = colormap.length/3;
                    int len2 = len * 2;
                    for (int i=0; i<unitsBeforeLookup; i++) {
                        // Get the index into the colormap
                        lookup = tempData[i] & 0xff;
                        // Get the blue value
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len2];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                        // Get the green value
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                        // Get the red value
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                    }
                } else {

                    // No lookup being done here, when RGB values are needed,
                    // the associated IndexColorModel can be used to get them.

                    try {

                        if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            decodePackbits(data, unitsInThisTile, bdata);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            lzwDecoder.decode(data, bdata, newRect.height);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_JPEG_TTN2) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            tile.setRect(decodeJPEG(data,
                                                    decodeParam,
                                                    colorConvertJPEG,
                                                    tile.getMinX(),
                                                    tile.getMinY()));

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            inflate(data, bdata);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                            stream.readFully(bdata, 0, byteCount);
                        }

                        stream.seek(save_offset);

                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }
                }

            } else if (sampleSize == 4) {

                int padding = (newRect.width % 2 == 0) ? 0 : 1;
                int bytesPostDecoding = ((newRect.width/2 + padding) *
                                         newRect.height);

                // Output short images
                if (decodePaletteAsShorts) {

                    byte[] tempData = null;

                    try {
                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        stream.seek(save_offset);
                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }

                    // If compressed, decode the data.
                    if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                        tempData = new byte[bytesPostDecoding];
                        decodePackbits(data, bytesPostDecoding, tempData);

                    }  else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                        tempData = new byte[bytesPostDecoding];
                        lzwDecoder.decode(data, tempData, newRect.height);

                    }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                        tempData = new byte[bytesPostDecoding];
                        inflate(data, tempData);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                        tempData = data;
                    }

                    int bytes = unitsInThisTile / 3;

                    // Unpack the 2 pixels packed into each byte.
                    data = new byte[bytes];

                    int srcCount = 0, dstCount = 0;
                    for (int j=0; j<newRect.height; j++) {
                        for (int i=0; i<newRect.width/2; i++) {
                            data[dstCount++] =
                                (byte)((tempData[srcCount] & 0xf0) >> 4);
                            data[dstCount++] =
                                (byte)(tempData[srcCount++] & 0x0f);
                        }

                        if (padding == 1) {
                            data[dstCount++] =
                                (byte)((tempData[srcCount++] & 0xf0) >> 4);
                        }
                    }

                    int len = colormap.length/3;
                    int len2 = len*2;
                    int cmapValue, lookup;
                    int count = 0;
                    for (int i=0; i<bytes; i++) {
                        lookup = data[i] & 0xff;
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len2];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup+len];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                        cmapValue = colormap[lookup];
                        sdata[count++] = (short)(cmapValue & 0xffff);
                    }
                } else {

                    // Output byte values, use IndexColorModel for unpacking
                    try {

                        // If compressed, decode the data.
                        if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            decodePackbits(data, bytesPostDecoding, bdata);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            lzwDecoder.decode(data, bdata, newRect.height);

                        }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                            stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                            inflate(data, bdata);

                        } else if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                            stream.readFully(bdata, 0, byteCount);
                        }

                        stream.seek(save_offset);

                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
                        throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
                    }
                }
            }
        } else if(imageType == TYPE_GRAY_4BIT) { // 4-bit gray
            try {
                if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                    // Since the decompressed data will still be packed
                    // 2 pixels into 1 byte, calculate bytesInThisTile
                    int bytesInThisTile;
                    if ((newRect.width % 8) == 0) {
                        bytesInThisTile = (newRect.width/2) * newRect.height;
                    } else {
                        bytesInThisTile = (newRect.width/2 + 1) *
                            newRect.height;
                    }

                    decodePackbits(data, bytesInThisTile, bdata);

                } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    lzwDecoder.decode(data, bdata, newRect.height);

                }  else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                    stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                    inflate(data, bdata);

                } else {

                    stream.readFully(bdata, 0, byteCount);
                }

                stream.seek(save_offset);
            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
            }
        } else { // everything else
            try {

                if (sampleSize == 8) {

                    if (compression == COMP_NONE) {
                        stream.readFully(bdata, 0, byteCount);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        lzwDecoder.decode(data, bdata, newRect.height);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        decodePackbits(data, unitsInThisTile, bdata);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_JPEG_TTN2) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        tile.setRect(decodeJPEG(data,
                                                decodeParam,
                                                colorConvertJPEG,
                                                tile.getMinX(),
                                                tile.getMinY()));
                    } else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        inflate(data, bdata);
                    }

                } else if (sampleSize == 16) {

                    if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                        readShorts(byteCount/2, sdata);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                        // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of shorts,
                        // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                        // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 2 in order to
                        // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                        // decompression.
                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 2];
                        lzwDecoder.decode(data, byteArray, newRect.height);
                        interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                               unitsInThisTile);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                        // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of shorts,
                        // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                        // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 2 in order to
                        // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                        // decompression.
                        int bytesInThisTile = unitsInThisTile * 2;

                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[bytesInThisTile];
                        decodePackbits(data, bytesInThisTile, byteArray);
                        interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                               unitsInThisTile);
                    } else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 2];
                        inflate(data, byteArray);
                        interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, sdata,
                                               unitsInThisTile);

                    }
                } else if (sampleSize == 32 &&
                           dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_INT) { // redundant
                    if (compression == COMP_NONE) {

                        readInts(byteCount/4, idata);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_LZW) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                        // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of ints,
                        // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                        // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 4 in order to
                        // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                        // decompression.
                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 4];
                        lzwDecoder.decode(data, byteArray, newRect.height);
                        interpretBytesAsInts(byteArray, idata,
                                             unitsInThisTile);

                    } else if (compression == COMP_PACKBITS) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);

                        // Since unitsInThisTile is the number of ints,
                        // but we do our decompression in terms of bytes, we
                        // need to multiply unitsInThisTile by 4 in order to
                        // figure out how many bytes we'll get after
                        // decompression.
                        int bytesInThisTile = unitsInThisTile * 4;

                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[bytesInThisTile];
                        decodePackbits(data, bytesInThisTile, byteArray);
                        interpretBytesAsInts(byteArray, idata,
                                             unitsInThisTile);
                    } else if (compression == COMP_DEFLATE) {

                        stream.readFully(data, 0, byteCount);
                        byte[] byteArray = new byte[unitsInThisTile * 4];
                        inflate(data, byteArray);
                        interpretBytesAsInts(byteArray, idata,
                                             unitsInThisTile);

                    }
                }

                stream.seek(save_offset);

            } catch (IOException ioe) {
                throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
            }

            // Modify the data for certain special cases.
            switch(imageType) {
            case TYPE_GRAY:
            case TYPE_GRAY_ALPHA:
                if(isWhiteZero) {
                    // Since we are using a ComponentColorModel with this
                    // image, we need to change the WhiteIsZero data to
                    // BlackIsZero data so it will display properly.
                    if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE &&
                        !(getColorModel() instanceof IndexColorModel)) {

                        for (int l = 0; l < bdata.length; l += numBands) {
                            bdata[l] = (byte)(255 - bdata[l]);
                        }
                    } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT) {

                        int ushortMax = Short.MAX_VALUE - Short.MIN_VALUE;
                        for (int l = 0; l < sdata.length; l += numBands) {
                            sdata[l] = (short)(ushortMax - sdata[l]);
                        }

                    } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT) {

                        for (int l = 0; l < sdata.length; l += numBands) {
                            sdata[l] = (short)(~sdata[l]);
                        }
                    } else if (dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_INT) {

                        long uintMax = ((long)Integer.MAX_VALUE -
                                        (long)Integer.MIN_VALUE);
                        for (int l = 0; l < idata.length; l += numBands) {
                            idata[l] = (int)(uintMax - idata[l]);
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            case TYPE_RGB:
                // Change RGB to BGR order, as Java2D displays that faster.
                // Unnecessary for JPEG-in-TIFF as the decoder handles it.
                if (sampleSize == 8 && compression != COMP_JPEG_TTN2) {
                    for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=3) {
                        bswap = bdata[i];
                        bdata[i] = bdata[i+2];
                        bdata[i+2] = bswap;
                    }
                } else if (sampleSize == 16) {
                    for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=3) {
                        sswap = sdata[i];
                        sdata[i] = sdata[i+2];
                        sdata[i+2] = sswap;
                    }
                } else if (sampleSize == 32) {
                    if(dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_INT) {
                        for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=3) {
                            iswap = idata[i];
                            idata[i] = idata[i+2];
                            idata[i+2] = iswap;
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            case TYPE_RGB_ALPHA:
                // Convert from RGBA to ABGR for Java2D
                if (sampleSize == 8) {
                    for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=4) {
                        // Swap R and A
                        bswap = bdata[i];
                        bdata[i] = bdata[i+3];
                        bdata[i+3] = bswap;

                        // Swap G and B
                        bswap = bdata[i+1];
                        bdata[i+1] = bdata[i+2];
                        bdata[i+2] = bswap;
                    }
                } else if (sampleSize == 16) {
                    for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=4) {
                        // Swap R and A
                        sswap = sdata[i];
                        sdata[i] = sdata[i+3];
                        sdata[i+3] = sswap;

                        // Swap G and B
                        sswap = sdata[i+1];
                        sdata[i+1] = sdata[i+2];
                        sdata[i+2] = sswap;
                    }
                } else if (sampleSize == 32) {
                    if(dataType == DataBuffer.TYPE_INT) {
                        for (int i=0; i<unitsInThisTile; i+=4) {
                            // Swap R and A
                            iswap = idata[i];
                            idata[i] = idata[i+3];
                            idata[i+3] = iswap;

                            // Swap G and B
                            iswap = idata[i+1];
                            idata[i+1] = idata[i+2];
                            idata[i+2] = iswap;
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            case TYPE_YCBCR_SUB:
                // Post-processing for YCbCr with subsampled chrominance:
                // simply replicate the chroma channels for displayability.
                int pixelsPerDataUnit = chromaSubH*chromaSubV;

                int numH = newRect.width/chromaSubH;
                int numV = newRect.height/chromaSubV;

                byte[] tempData = new byte[numH*numV*(pixelsPerDataUnit + 2)];
                System.arraycopy(bdata, 0, tempData, 0, tempData.length);

                int samplesPerDataUnit = pixelsPerDataUnit*3;
                int[] pixels = new int[samplesPerDataUnit];

                int bOffset = 0;
                int offsetCb = pixelsPerDataUnit;
                int offsetCr = offsetCb + 1;

                int y = newRect.y;
                for(int j = 0; j < numV; j++) {
                    int x = newRect.x;
                    for(int i = 0; i < numH; i++) {
                        int Cb = tempData[bOffset + offsetCb];
                        int Cr = tempData[bOffset + offsetCr];
                        int k = 0;
                        while(k < samplesPerDataUnit) {
                            pixels[k++] = tempData[bOffset++];
                            pixels[k++] = Cb;
                            pixels[k++] = Cr;
                        }
                        bOffset += 2;
                        tile.setPixels(x, y, chromaSubH, chromaSubV, pixels);
                        x += chromaSubH;
                    }
                    y += chromaSubV;
                }

                break;
            }
        }

        return tile;
    }

    private void readShorts(int shortCount, short[] shortArray) {

        // Since each short consists of 2 bytes, we need a
        // byte array of double size
        int byteCount = 2 * shortCount;
        byte[] byteArray = new byte[byteCount];

        try {
            stream.readFully(byteArray, 0, byteCount);
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
        }

        interpretBytesAsShorts(byteArray, shortArray, shortCount);
    }

    private void readInts(int intCount, int[] intArray) {

        // Since each int consists of 4 bytes, we need a
        // byte array of quadruple size
        int byteCount = 4 * intCount;
        byte[] byteArray = new byte[byteCount];

        try {
            stream.readFully(byteArray, 0, byteCount);
        } catch (IOException ioe) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage13");
        }

        interpretBytesAsInts(byteArray, intArray, intCount);
    }

    // Method to interpret a byte array to a short array, depending on
    // whether the bytes are stored in a big endian or little endian format.
    private void interpretBytesAsShorts(byte[] byteArray,
                                        short[] shortArray,
                                        int shortCount) {

        int j = 0;
        int firstByte, secondByte;

        if (isBigEndian) {

            for (int i=0; i<shortCount; i++) {
                firstByte = byteArray[j++] & 0xff;
                secondByte = byteArray[j++] & 0xff;
                shortArray[i] = (short)((firstByte << 8) + secondByte);
            }

        } else {

            for (int i=0; i<shortCount; i++) {
                firstByte = byteArray[j++] & 0xff;
                secondByte = byteArray[j++] & 0xff;
                shortArray[i] = (short)((secondByte << 8) + firstByte);
            }
        }
    }

    // Method to interpret a byte array to a int array, depending on
    // whether the bytes are stored in a big endian or little endian format.
    private void interpretBytesAsInts(byte[] byteArray,
                                      int[] intArray,
                                      int intCount) {

        int j = 0;

        if (isBigEndian) {

            for (int i=0; i<intCount; i++) {
                intArray[i] = (((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 24) |
                               ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 16) |
                               ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                               ( byteArray[j++] & 0xff));
            }

        } else {

            for (int i=0; i<intCount; i++) {
                intArray[i] = ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) |
                              ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 8) |
                              ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 16) |
                              ((byteArray[j++] & 0xff) << 24));
            }
        }
    }

    // Uncompress packbits compressed image data.
    private byte[] decodePackbits(byte[] data, int arraySize, byte[] dst) {

        if (dst == null) {
            dst = new byte[arraySize];
        }

        int srcCount = 0, dstCount = 0;
        byte repeat, b;

        try {

            while (dstCount < arraySize) {

                b = data[srcCount++];

                if (b >= 0 && b <= 127) {

                    // literal run packet
                    for (int i=0; i<(b + 1); i++) {
                        dst[dstCount++] = data[srcCount++];
                    }

                } else if (b <= -1 && b >= -127) {

                    // 2 byte encoded run packet
                    repeat = data[srcCount++];
                    for (int i=0; i<(-b + 1); i++) {
                        dst[dstCount++] = repeat;
                    }

                } else {
                    // no-op packet. Do nothing
                    srcCount++;
                }
            }
        } catch (java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ae) {
            throw new RuntimeException("TIFFImage14");
        }

        return dst;
    }

    // Need a createColorModel().
    // Create ComponentColorModel for TYPE_RGB images
    private ComponentColorModel createAlphaComponentColorModel
    (int dataType, int numBands,
     boolean isAlphaPremultiplied, int transparency) {

        ComponentColorModel ccm = null;
        int[] RGBBits = null;
        ColorSpace cs = null;
        switch(numBands) {
            case 2: // gray+alpha
                cs = ColorSpace.getInstance(ColorSpace.CS_GRAY);
                break;
            case 4: // RGB+alpha
                cs = ColorSpace.getInstance(ColorSpace.CS_sRGB);
                break;
            default:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        int componentSize = 0;
        switch(dataType) {
            case DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE:
                componentSize = 8;
                break;
            case DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT:
            case DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT:
                componentSize = 16;
                break;
            case DataBuffer.TYPE_INT:
                componentSize = 32;
                break;
            default:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }

        RGBBits = new int[numBands];
        for(int i = 0; i < numBands; i++) {
            RGBBits[i] = componentSize;
        }

        ccm = new ComponentColorModel(cs,
                                      RGBBits,
                                      true,
                                      isAlphaPremultiplied,
                                      transparency,
                                      dataType);


        return ccm;
    }

}
